Harness-1: Reinforcement Learning for Search Agents with State-Externalizing Harnesses

Search agents are often trained as policies over growing transcripts: the model must decide how to search while also remembering what it has seen, which evidence is useful, which constraints remain open, and which claims have actually been checked. We argue that this formulation puts too much routine state management inside the policy: reinforcement learning is forced to optimize both semantic search decisions and recoverable bookkeeping that the environment can maintain more reliably. We introduce Harness-1, a 20B search agent (retrieval subagent) trained with reinforcement learning inside a stateful search harness. The harness maintains environment-side working memory, including a candidate pool, an importance-tagged curated set, compact evidence links, verification records, compressed and deduplicated observations, and budget-aware context rendering. The policy retains the semantic decisions: what to search, which documents to keep or discard, what to verify, and when to stop. Across eight retrieval benchmarks spanning web, finance, patents, and multi-hop QA, Harness-1 achieves 0.730 average curated recall, outperforming the next strongest open search subagent by +11.4 points and remaining competitive with much larger frontier-model searchers. Its gains are especially strong on held-out transfer benchmarks, suggesting that reinforcement learning over explicit search state can produce retrieval behaviors that generalize beyond the training domains. Our code is available at https://github.com/pat-jj/harness-1.

Graph Alignment Topology as an Inductive Bias for Grounding Detection

Large Language Models (LLMs) are optimized to produce distributionally plausible continuations rather than to explicitly verify whether generated propositions are entailed by source documents. This inductive bias enables generalization, but it does not encode whether responses are grounded with respect to a reference. These issues limit the use of LLMs in domains where strict factual correctness is crucial, such as clinical decision support. Existing hallucination detection approaches improve factuality through retrieval augmentation, self-consistency, or claim verification, but generally do not learn directly over alignment topology. To leverage alignment topology as an inductive bias, we construct aligned bipartite graphs between reference information and LLM outputs and train a graph neural network (GNN) to model alignment structure using message passing. The method achieves state-of-the-art results on four diverse hallucination and question-answering datasets, outperforming all compared methods, including foundational LLMs such as GPT-4o.

EpiGraph: A Knowledge Graph and Benchmark for Evidence-Intensive Reasoning in Epilepsy

Epilepsy diagnosis and treatment require evidence-intensive reasoning across heterogeneous clinical knowledge, including biosignal patterns, genetic mechanisms, pharmacogenomics, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes. In this work, we present \textsc{EpiGraph}, a large-scale epilepsy knowledge graph and benchmark for evaluating knowledge-augmented clinical reasoning. \textsc{EpiGraph} integrates 48,166 peer-reviewed papers and seven clinical resources into a heterogeneous graph containing 24,324 entities and 32,009 evidence-grounded triplets across five clinical layers. Built upon this graph, \textsc{EpiBench} defines five clinically motivated tasks spanning clinical decision-making, EEG report generation, pharmacogenomic precision medicine, treatment recommendation, and deep research planning. We evaluate six LLMs under both standard and Graph-RAG settings. Results show that integrating \textsc{EpiGraph} consistently improves performance across all tasks, with the largest gains observed in pharmacogenomic reasoning (+30--41\%). Our findings demonstrate that structured epilepsy knowledge substantially enhances evidence-grounded clinical reasoning and provides a practical benchmark framework for evaluating knowledge-augmented LLMs in real-world neurological settings. Our code is available at: https://github.com/LabRAI/EEG-KG.

KMM-CP: Practical Conformal Prediction under Covariate Shift via Selective Kernel Mean Matching

Uncertainty quantification is essential for deploying machine learning models in high-stakes domains such as scientific discovery and healthcare. Conformal Prediction (CP) provides finite-sample coverage guarantees under exchangeability, an assumption often violated in practice due to distribution shift. Under covariate shift, restoring validity requires importance weighting, yet accurate density-ratio estimation becomes unstable when training and test distributions exhibit limited support overlap. We propose KMM-CP, a conformal prediction framework based on Kernel Mean Matching (KMM) for covariate-shift correction. We show that KMM directly controls the bias-variance components governing conformal coverage error by minimizing RKHS moment discrepancy under explicit weight constraints, and establish asymptotic coverage guarantees under mild conditions. We then introduce a selective extension that identifies regions of reliable support overlap and restricts conformal correction to this subset, further improving stability in low-overlap regimes. Experiments on molecular property prediction benchmarks with realistic distribution shifts show that KMM-CP reduces coverage gap by over 50% compared to existing approaches. The code is available at https://github.com/siddharthal/KMM-CP.

A Practical Guide Towards Interpreting Time-Series Deep Clinical Predictive Models: A Reproducibility Study

Clinical decisions are high-stakes and require explicit justification, making model interpretability essential for auditing deep clinical models prior to deployment. As the ecosystem of model architectures and explainability methods expands, critical questions remain: Do architectural features like attention improve explainability? Do interpretability approaches generalize across clinical tasks? While prior benchmarking efforts exist, they often lack extensibility and reproducibility, and critically, fail to systematically examine how interpretability varies across the interplay of clinical tasks and model architectures. To address these gaps, we present a comprehensive benchmark evaluating interpretability methods across diverse clinical prediction tasks and model architectures. Our analysis reveals that: (1) attention when leveraged properly is a highly efficient approach for faithfully interpreting model predictions; (2) black-box interpreters like KernelSHAP and LIME are computationally infeasible for time-series clinical prediction tasks; and (3) several interpretability approaches are too unreliable to be trustworthy. From our findings, we discuss several guidelines on improving interpretability within clinical predictive pipelines. To support reproducibility and extensibility, we provide our implementations via PyHealth, a well-documented open-source framework: https://github.com/sunlabuiuc/PyHealth.

Bridging the Reproducibility Divide: Open Source Software's Role in Standardizing Healthcare AI

Our analysis of recent AI4H publications reveals that, despite a trend toward utilizing open datasets and sharing modeling code, 74% of AI4H papers still rely on private datasets or do not share their code. This is especially concerning in healthcare applications, where trust is essential. Furthermore, inconsistent and poorly documented data preprocessing pipelines result in variable model performance reports, even for identical tasks and datasets, making it challenging to evaluate the true effectiveness of AI models. Despite the challenges posed by the reproducibility crisis, addressing these issues through open practices offers substantial benefits. For instance, while the reproducibility mandate adds extra effort to research and publication, it significantly enhances the impact of the work. Our analysis shows that papers that used both public datasets and shared code received, on average, 110% more citations than those that do neither--more than doubling the citation count. Given the clear benefits of enhancing reproducibility, it is imperative for the AI4H community to take concrete steps to overcome existing barriers. The community should promote open science practices, establish standardized guidelines for data preprocessing, and develop robust benchmarks. Tackling these challenges through open-source development can improve reproducibility, which is essential for ensuring that AI models are safe, effective, and beneficial for patient care. This approach will help build more trustworthy AI systems that can be integrated into healthcare settings, ultimately contributing to better patient outcomes and advancing the field of medicine.

How Well Do Multimodal Models Reason on ECG Signals?

While multimodal large language models offer a promising solution to the "black box" nature of health AI by generating interpretable reasoning traces, verifying the validity of these traces remains a critical challenge. Existing evaluation methods are either unscalable, relying on manual clinician review, or superficial, utilizing proxy metrics (e.g. QA) that fail to capture the semantic correctness of clinical logic. In this work, we introduce a reproducible framework for evaluating reasoning in ECG signals. We propose decomposing reasoning into two distinct, components: (i) Perception, the accurate identification of patterns within the raw signal, and (ii) Deduction, the logical application of domain knowledge to those patterns. To evaluate Perception, we employ an agentic framework that generates code to empirically verify the temporal structures described in the reasoning trace. To evaluate Deduction, we measure the alignment of the model's logic against a structured database of established clinical criteria in a retrieval-based approach. This dual-verification method enables the scalable assessment of "true" reasoning capabilities.

ODEBrain: Continuous-Time EEG Graph for Modeling Dynamic Brain Networks

Modeling neural population dynamics is crucial for foundational neuroscientific research and various clinical applications. Conventional latent variable methods typically model continuous brain dynamics through discretizing time with recurrent architecture, which necessarily results in compounded cumulative prediction errors and failure of capturing instantaneous, nonlinear characteristics of EEGs. We propose ODEBRAIN, a Neural ODE latent dynamic forecasting framework to overcome these challenges by integrating spatio-temporal-frequency features into spectral graph nodes, followed by a Neural ODE modeling the continuous latent dynamics. Our design ensures that latent representations can capture stochastic variations of complex brain states at any given time point. Extensive experiments verify that ODEBRAIN can improve significantly over existing methods in forecasting EEG dynamics with enhanced robustness and generalization capabilities.

Making Conformal Predictors Robust in Healthcare Settings: a Case Study on EEG Classification

Quantifying uncertainty in clinical predictions is critical for high-stakes diagnosis tasks. Conformal prediction offers a principled approach by providing prediction sets with theoretical coverage guarantees. However, in practice, patient distribution shifts violate the i.i.d. assumptions underlying standard conformal methods, leading to poor coverage in healthcare settings. In this work, we evaluate several conformal prediction approaches on EEG seizure classification, a task with known distribution shift challenges and label uncertainty. We demonstrate that personalized calibration strategies can improve coverage by over 20 percentage points while maintaining comparable prediction set sizes. Our implementation is available via PyHealth, an open-source healthcare AI framework: https://github.com/sunlabuiuc/PyHealth.

Neural Signals Generate Clinical Notes in the Wild

Generating clinical reports that summarize abnormal patterns, diagnostic findings, and clinical interpretations from long-term EEG recordings remains labor-intensive. We curate a large-scale clinical EEG dataset with $9{,}922$ reports paired with approximately $11{,}000$ hours of EEG recordings from $9{,}048$ patients. We therefore develop CELM, the first clinical EEG-to-Language foundation model capable of summarizing long-duration, variable-length EEG recordings and performing end-to-end clinical report generation at multiple scales, including recording description, background activity, epileptiform abnormalities, events/seizures, and impressions. Experimental results show that, with patient history supervision, our method achieves $70\%$--$95\%$ average relative improvements in standard generation metrics (e.g., ROUGE-1 and METEOR) from $0.2$--$0.3$ to $0.4$--$0.6$. In the zero-shot setting without patient history, CELM attains generation scores in the range of $0.43$--$0.52$, compared to baselines of $0.17$--$0.26$. CELM integrates pretrained EEG foundation models with language models to enable scalable multimodal learning. We release our model and benchmark construction pipeline at [URL].